Learn Islam
بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
الشَّهَادَة , ash‑Shahādah , The declaration of faith
أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ
Ashhadu an lā ilāha illā‑llāhu
I bear witness that there is no god but Allah
وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّهِ
wa ashhadu anna Muḥammadan rasūlu‑llāh
and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah
To accept Islam (الإِسْلَام), say the Shahada out loud.
Thereafter, a Muslim worships Allah as though they can see Allah. This is Ihsan (إِحْسَان).
الوُضُوء , al‑Wuḍūʾ , Ritual purification
Perform wudu before salah. Steps numbered in gold are obligatory (fard); steps marked sunnah are recommended.
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Make intention (niyyah) — silently intend to purify yourself for worship.
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Wash hands three times, right then left, up to the wrists.
sunnah -
Rinse mouth (madmadah) three times.
sunnah -
Rinse nose (istinshaq) three times.
sunnah -
Wash the face three times — from hairline to chin, ear to ear.
obligatory -
Wash forearms three times, right then left, including the elbows.
obligatory -
Wipe the head (mash) — once, front to back and back to front.
obligatoryAlso wipe the ears, inside with index finger, outside with thumb.
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Wash feet three times, right then left, including ankles.
obligatoryAfter the day’s first wash, you may wipe over socks for subsequent prayers.
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Say the Shahada and Dua after completing wudu.
sunnah
الغُسْل , al‑Ghusl , The full ritual bath
Ghusl is required after major ritual impurity (janabah) and entering Islam.
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Make intention (niyyah) for ghusl.
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Wash hands three times.
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Wash intimate parts thoroughly.
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Perform complete wudu as described in the Wudu lesson.
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Wash head and hair three times, ensuring water reaches roots.
obligatory -
Wash the entire body — right side then left, ensuring no area is left dry.
obligatory -
Say the Shahada upon completing ghusl.
الصَّلَاة , aṣ‑Ṣalāh , The prayer
Offer salah five times a day.
Before beginning, make wudu, cover your awrah, and face the Qibla (the direction of Mecca).
Say “Allahu Akbar” between every position except when rising from bowing.
One raka, repeat at least once
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Standing, Qiyam
Place right hand over left on chest.
First raka only: “A’udhu billahi minash‑shaytanir rajeem”
I seek refuge from the accursed Shaytan.
Every raka: Recite Surah Al‑Fatiha.
At least the first two raka: Recite another surah.
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Bowing, Ruku
Say three times: “Subḥāna Rabbī al‑'Aẓīm”
Glorious is my Lord, the Most Great.
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Rising
“Sami'a‑llāhu liman ḥamidah”
Allah hears those who praise Him.
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Standing
“Rabbanā wa laka‑l‑ḥamd”
Our Lord, all praise is for You.
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Prostration, Sujud
Nose, forehead, hands, knees, and toes on the ground.
Say three times: “Subḥāna Rabbī al‑A'lā”
Glorious is my Lord, the Most High.
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Kneeling, Julus
Say twice: “Allāhumma‑ghfirlī”
O Allah, forgive me.
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Prostration, Sujud
Say three times: “Subḥāna Rabbī al‑A'lā”
Glorious is my Lord, the Most High.
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Kneeling
Return to standing for the next raka.
Second and last raka
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Kneeling, Tashahhud
Recite the Tahiyyat:
“At‑taḥiyyātu li‑llāhi wa‑ṣ‑ṣalawātu wa‑ṭ‑ṭayyibāt. As‑salāmu 'alayka ayyuha‑n‑nabiyyu wa raḥmatu‑llāhi wa barakātuh. As‑salāmu 'alaynā wa 'alā 'ibādi‑llāhi‑ṣ‑ṣāliḥīn.”
All greetings, prayers and good things are for Allah. Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings. Peace be upon us and upon the righteous servants of Allah.
Point the right index finger forward and say the Shahada:
“Ashhadu an lā ilāha illā‑llāh, wa ashhadu anna Muḥammadan 'abduhu wa rasūluh.”
I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and messenger.
Final raka
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Salam, Taslim
Turn right: “As‑salāmu 'alaykum wa raḥmatu‑llāh”
Turn left: “As‑salāmu 'alaykum wa raḥmatu‑llāh”
Peace and mercy of Allah be upon you.
After
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Supplication, Dua
Make dua.
سُورَةُ ٱلْفَاتِحَة , Sūrat al‑Fātiḥah , The opening
“The Opener, The Key” — Quran 1. Recited in every raka of every prayer.
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بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
Bismi‑llāhi r‑raḥmāni r‑raḥīm
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
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ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ
Al‑ḥamdu li‑llāhi rabbi l‑'ālamīn
All praise is to Allah, Lord of all the worlds.
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ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
Ar‑raḥmāni r‑raḥīm
The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
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مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ
Māliki yawmi d‑dīn
Master of the Day of Judgement.
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إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ
Iyyāka na'budu wa iyyāka nasta'īn
It is You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help.
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ٱهْدِنَا ٱلصِّرَٰطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ
Ihdinā ṣ‑ṣirāṭa l‑mustaqīm
Guide us to the straight path.
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صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّينَ
Ṣirāṭa l‑ladhīna an'amta 'alayhim, ghayri l‑maghḍūbi 'alayhim wa lā ḍ‑ḍāllīn
The path of those You have blessed — not of those who earned anger, nor of those who went astray.
After reciting Al‑Fatiha in prayer, the congregation (or the worshipper alone) says Ameen (آمِين).
الأَبْجَدِيَّة , al‑ʾAbjadiyyah , The Arabic alphabet
Arabic is written right to left. Letters change form depending on their position in a word.
- أa / ā
- بb
- تt
- ثth
- جj
- حḥ
- خkh
- دd
- ذdh
- رr
- زz
- سs
- شsh
- صṣ
- ضḍ
- طṭ
- ظẓ
- عʿ
- غgh
- فf
- قq
- كk
- لl
- مm
- نn
- هh
- وw / ū
- يy / ī
حَرَكَات , Short vowels (harakat)
- بَbafatḥa (a)
- بِbikasra (i)
- بُbuḍamma (u)
- بّbbshadda (double)
الصَّلَاةُ اليَوْمِيَّة , aṣ‑Ṣalāh al‑Yawmiyyah , The daily prayers
Offer salah five times a day.
Rakahs numbered in gold are fard, from Allah; the rest are sunnah, in the practice of the Prophet (ﷺ).
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Fajr,
الفَجْر,
dawn,
- 2 rakahs sunnah
- 2 rakahs fard
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Zuhr,
الظُّهْر,
noon,
- 4 rakahs sunnah
- 4 rakahs fard
- 2 rakahs sunnah
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Asr,
العَصْر,
afternoon,
- 4 rakahs fard
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Maghrib,
المَغْرِب,
sunset,
- 3 rakahs fard
- 2 rakahs sunnah
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Isha,
العِشَاء,
night,
- 4 rakahs fard
- 2 rakahs sunnah
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Travel
When traveling a great distance, shorten Zuhr, Asr, and Isha by two rakahs.
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Storms
During storms, Zuhr and Asr may be combined, as well as Maghrib and Isha.
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Forgetting
If you fall asleep or forget to offer salah, offer it when you wake up or remember.
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Jumu’ah
On Jumu’ah (Friday), instead of Zuhr, come together and offer salah with your Brothers and Sisters.
الفَرْض , From Allah
Fard is what Allah has made obligatory: the five prayers, seventeen rakahs a day. They were given to the Prophet (ﷺ) during the Night Journey, al‑Isrāʾ wal‑Miʿrāj. Allah first enjoined fifty; at Musa’s urging the Prophet asked again and again for less, until they were five. Then Allah said:
هِيَ خَمْسٌ وَهْيَ خَمْسُونَ، لَا يُبَدَّلُ الْقَوْلُ لَدَيَّ
Hiya khamsun wahya khamsūn, lā yubaddalu l‑qawlu ladayy
They are five, and they are fifty: the word is not changed with Me.
Sahih al‑Bukhari 349
السُّنَّة , In the practice of the Prophet
Sunnah is the practice of the Prophet (ﷺ). The sunnah rakahs above are twelve; Aishah narrated that he said:
مَنْ ثَابَرَ عَلَى ثِنْتَيْ عَشْرَةَ رَكْعَةً مِنَ السُّنَّةِ، بُنِيَ لَهُ بَيْتٌ فِي الْجَنَّةِ: أَرْبَعٍ قَبْلَ الظُّهْرِ، وَرَكْعَتَيْنِ بَعْدَ الظُّهْرِ، وَرَكْعَتَيْنِ بَعْدَ الْمَغْرِبِ، وَرَكْعَتَيْنِ بَعْدَ الْعِشَاءِ، وَرَكْعَتَيْنِ قَبْلَ الْفَجْرِ
Man thābara 'alā thintay 'ashrata rak'atan mina s‑sunnah, buniya lahū baytun fi‑l‑jannah: arba'in qabla ẓ‑ẓuhr, wa rak'atayni ba'da ẓ‑ẓuhr, wa rak'atayni ba'da l‑maghrib, wa rak'atayni ba'da l‑'ishā', wa rak'atayni qabla l‑fajr
Whoever keeps to twelve rakahs of the sunnah, a house is built for him in Paradise: four before Zuhr and two after it, two after Maghrib, two after Isha, and two before Fajr.
Sunan Ibn Majah 1140
رَمَضَان , Ramaḍān , The month of fasting
Through the moon of Ramadan a Muslim fasts from dawn till sunset.
Late in Ramadan, the first five ayat of Surah Al‑Alaq were revealed as the first revelation to the last Prophet (ﷺ).
الصَّوْم , The fast
Quran 2:185, from Surah Al‑Baqarah.
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شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أُنزِلَ فِيهِ ٱلْقُرْءَانُ هُدًى لِّلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَٰتٍ مِّنَ ٱلْهُدَىٰ وَٱلْفُرْقَانِۚ
Shahru Ramaḍāna l‑ladhī unzila fīhi l‑Qur'ānu hudan li‑n‑nāsi wa bayyinātin mina l‑hudā wa‑l‑furqān
The month of Ramadan, in which the Quran was revealed: guidance for humanity, and clear proofs of guidance and the criterion.
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فَمَن شَهِدَ مِنكُمُ ٱلشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُۖ
Fa‑man shahida minkumu sh‑shahra fa‑l‑yaṣumh
So whoever of you witnesses the month, let him fast it.
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وَمَن كَانَ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَۗ
Wa man kāna marīḍan aw 'alā safarin fa‑'iddatun min ayyāmin ukhar
And whoever is ill or on a journey, then a number of other days.
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يُرِيدُ ٱللَّهُ بِكُمُ ٱلْيُسْرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ ٱلْعُسْرَ وَلِتُكْمِلُوا۟ ٱلْعِدَّةَ وَلِتُكَبِّرُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ عَلَىٰ مَا هَدَىٰكُمْ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ
Yurīdu‑llāhu bikumu l‑yusra wa lā yurīdu bikumu l‑'usra, wa li‑tukmilu l‑'iddata wa li‑tukabbiru‑llāha 'alā mā hadākum, wa la'allakum tashkurūn
Allah wants ease for you, and does not want hardship for you, and that you complete the number, and magnify Allah for having guided you — and perhaps you will be grateful.
Sawm is one of the five pillars of Islam. Each day of Ramadan, from dawn until sunset, a Muslim neither eats, drinks, nor has marital relations, with the intention made for Allah.
The fast is broken at Maghrib, the iftar; the meal before Fajr, the suhur, is sunnah. As the ayah says, whoever is ill or traveling fasts the missed days later.
سُورَةُ ٱلْعَلَق , The clot
“The Clot, The Zygote” — Quran 96, ayat 1 to 5 of 19.
بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
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ٱقْرَأْ بِٱسْمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ
Iqra bismi rabbikal lazee khalaq
Read in the name of your Lord who created.
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خَلَقَ ٱلْإِنسَٰنَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ
Khalaqal insaana min ʿalaq
Created humanity from a clot.
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ٱقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ ٱلْأَكْرَمُ
Iqra warabbuka alakramu
Read, and your Lord is the Most Generous.
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ٱلَّذِى عَلَّمَ بِٱلْقَلَمِ
Alladhi ʿallama bilqalami
Who taught by the pen.
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عَلَّمَ ٱلْإِنسَٰنَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ
ʿAllamal insaana ma lam yaʿlam
Taught humanity what it did not know.
سُورَةُ ٱلْقَدْر , The power
“All Power, All Fate” — Quran 97.
بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
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إِنَّآ أَنزَلْنَٰهُ فِى لَيْلَةِ ٱلْقَدْرِ
Innaa anzalnaahu fee lailatil qadr
Indeed, We revealed it on the Night of Power.
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وَمَآ أَدْرَىٰكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ ٱلْقَدْرِ
Wama adraaka ma lailatul qadr
And what will make you know what the Night of Fate is?
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لَيْلَةُ ٱلْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِّنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ
Lailatul qadri khairum min alfee shahr
The Night of Power is better than a thousand months.
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تَنَزَّلُ ٱلْمَلَٰٓئِكَةُ وَٱلرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ أَمْرٍ
Tanazzalul malaikatu walruhu fiha biizni rabbihim min kulli amr
The angels and the Spirit come down in it, by leave of their Lord, for every matter.
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سَلَٰمٌ هِىَ حَتَّىٰ مَطْلَعِ ٱلْفَجْرِ
Salaamun hiya hattaa matlaʿil fajr
Peace it is, until the rise of dawn.
حَدِيثُ جِبْرِيل , Ḥadīth Jibrīl , The hadith of Gabriel
Umar ibn al‑Khattab told of a day when, as they sat with the Prophet (ﷺ), a man came to them in the whitest of clothes, his hair the blackest black. No sign of travel was on him, and none of them knew him. He sat before the Prophet, knee to knee, and asked him four things.
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Islam,
الإِسْلَام,
submission,
5 pillars
- Shahada
- Salah
- Zakah
- Sawm
- Hajj
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Iman,
الإِيمَان,
faith,
6 articles
- Allah
- Angels
- Books
- Prophets
- Last Day
- Qadar
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Ihsan,
الإِحْسَان,
excellence,
worship Allah as though you see Him
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As-Sa’ah,
السَّاعَة,
the hour,
2 signs
- A slave woman gives birth to her mistress
- Barefoot shepherds vie to build tall
الإِسْلَام , Islam
“Tell me about Islam,” he said, and the Prophet answered:
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Shahada — bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.
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Salah — establish the prayer.
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Zakah — give the alms.
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Sawm — fast the month of Ramadan.
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Hajj — make the pilgrimage to the House, if you are able.
“You have spoken truly,” said the man, and they wondered at him, that he should ask and then say so.
الإِيمَان , Iman
“Tell me about Iman.” — To believe in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers and the Last Day, and to believe in al‑Qadar, its good and its bad.
Iman is belief in the seen and the unseen. Belief in the seen is reason; belief in the unseen is faith.
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Allah
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The Angels
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The Books
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The Prophets
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The Last Day
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Al‑Qadar (ٱلْقَدَر)
الإِحْسَان , Ihsan
“Tell me about Ihsan.”
أَنْ تَعْبُدَ ٱللَّهَ كَأَنَّكَ تَرَاهُ، فَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُنْ تَرَاهُ فَإِنَّهُ يَرَاكَ
An ta'buda‑llāha ka‑annaka tarāh, fa‑in lam takun tarāhu fa‑innahu yarāk
That you worship Allah as though you see Him; and though you do not see Him, He sees you.
السَّاعَة , The Hour
“Tell me about the Hour.” — The one asked knows no more of it than the one who asks.
“Then tell me of its signs.” — That the slave woman gives birth to her mistress, and that you see the barefoot, the unclothed, the destitute, the herders of sheep, vying with one another in raising tall buildings.
Then the man went on his way. After a while the Prophet asked, “Umar, do you know who the questioner was?” Umar said, “Allah and His messenger know best.” And the Prophet said:
فَإِنَّهُ جِبْرِيلُ أَتَاكُمْ يُعَلِّمُكُمْ دِينَكُمْ
Fa‑innahu Jibrīlu atākum yu'allimukum dīnakum
It was Gabriel. He came to you to teach you your religion.
Sahih Muslim 8
سُورَةُ ٱلْإِخْلَاص , Sūrat al‑ʾIkhlāṣ , Sincerity
Quran 112.
بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
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قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ
Qul huwa‑llāhu aḥad
Say: He is Allah, the One.
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ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ
Allāhu ṣ‑ṣamad
Allah, the Eternal Refuge.
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لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ
Lam yalid wa lam yūlad
He neither begets nor is born.
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وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدُۢ
Wa lam yakun lahū kufuwan aḥad
Nor is there any equal to Him.
المُعَوِّذَتَيْن , al‑Muʿawwidhatayn , The two refuges
سُورَةُ ٱلْفَلَق , The daybreak
Quran 113.
بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
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قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ ٱلْفَلَقِ
Qul a'ūdhu bi‑rabbi l‑falaq
Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak.
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مِن شَرِّ مَا خَلَقَ
Min sharri mā khalaq
From the evil of what He created.
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وَمِن شَرِّ غَاسِقٍ إِذَا وَقَبَ
Wa min sharri ghāsiqin idhā waqab
And from the evil of darkness when it settles.
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وَمِن شَرِّ ٱلنَّفَّٰثَٰتِ فِى ٱلْعُقَدِ
Wa min sharri n‑naffāthāti fi‑l‑'uqad
And from the evil of those who blow on knots.
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وَمِن شَرِّ حَاسِدٍ إِذَا حَسَدَ
Wa min sharri ḥāsidin idhā ḥasad
And from the evil of an envier when he envies.
Al‑Falaq and An‑Nas, the last two surahs of the Quran, are the Two Refuges, al‑Muʿawwidhatayn: each begins “Say: I seek refuge.”
With Al‑Ikhlas they are the Three Refuges. It is Sunnah to recite them three times each morning and evening, and before sleep.
سُورَةُ ٱلنَّاس , Humanity
Quran 114.
بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
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قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ ٱلنَّاسِ
Qul a'ūdhu bi‑rabbi n‑nās
Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of humanity.
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مَلِكِ ٱلنَّاسِ
Maliki n‑nās
The King of humanity.
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إِلَٰهِ ٱلنَّاسِ
Ilāhi n‑nās
The God of humanity.
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مِن شَرِّ ٱلْوَسْوَاسِ ٱلْخَنَّاسِ
Min sharri l‑waswāsi l‑khannās
From the evil of the whisperer who withdraws.
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ٱلَّذِى يُوَسْوِسُ فِى صُدُورِ ٱلنَّاسِ
Alladhī yuwaswisu fī ṣudūri n‑nās
Who whispers in the breasts of humanity.
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مِنَ ٱلْجِنَّةِ وَٱلنَّاسِ
Mina l‑jinnati wa‑n‑nās
From among the jinn and humanity.
An‑Nas is the last surah of the Quran.
With Al‑Falaq it is one of the Two Refuges, and with Al‑Ikhlas one of the Three Refuges. It is Sunnah to recite them three times each morning and evening, and before sleep.
الإِسْرَاء وَالمِعْرَاج , al‑ʾIsrāʾ wal‑Miʿrāj , The night journey and the ascension
One night in Mecca, before the Hijrah, the Prophet (ﷺ) was carried from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque in Jerusalem — al‑Isrāʾ, the night journey — and from there raised through the seven heavens — al‑Miʿrāj, the ascension. That night the daily prayers were given.
الإِسْرَاء , The night journey
Quran 17:1, the first ayah of Surah Al‑Isra.
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سُبْحَٰنَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَسْرَىٰ بِعَبْدِهِۦ لَيْلًا مِّنَ ٱلْمَسْجِدِ ٱلْحَرَامِ إِلَى ٱلْمَسْجِدِ ٱلْأَقْصَا ٱلَّذِى بَٰرَكْنَا حَوْلَهُۥ لِنُرِيَهُۥ مِنْ ءَايَٰتِنَآۚ إِنَّهُۥ هُوَ ٱلسَّمِيعُ ٱلْبَصِيرُ
Subḥāna l‑ladhī asrā bi‑'abdihī laylan mina l‑masjidi l‑ḥarāmi ila l‑masjidi l‑aqṣā l‑ladhī bāraknā ḥawlahū li‑nuriyahū min āyātinā, innahū huwa s‑samī'u l‑baṣīr
Exalted is He who carried His servant by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing.
Jibril (Gabriel) brought him al‑Buraq, a white mount whose every stride reached as far as its eye could see. At the Farthest Mosque he led the prophets in prayer.
المِعْرَاج , The ascension
With Jibril he rose through the seven heavens, the gate of each opened to them; and in each, as Sahih Muslim tells it, prophets greeted him:
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Adam
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Yahya and Isa — John and Jesus
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Yusuf — Joseph
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Idris — Enoch
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Harun — Aaron
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Musa — Moses
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Ibrahim — Abraham, leaning against the Frequented House, al‑Bayt al‑Maʿmūr
Then he was raised to the Lote Tree of the Utmost Boundary, Sidrat al‑Muntahā.
فَرْضُ الصَّلَاة , The giving of the prayers
There Allah enjoined fifty prayers a day. On his way down, Musa asked what had been enjoined, and said, “Go back to your Lord, for your people will not be able to bear it.” So he went back, and again, and each time the prayers were lessened, until they were five. Then Allah said:
هِيَ خَمْسٌ وَهْيَ خَمْسُونَ، لَا يُبَدَّلُ الْقَوْلُ لَدَيَّ
Hiya khamsun wahya khamsūn, lā yubaddalu l‑qawlu ladayy
They are five, and they are fifty: the word is not changed with Me.
Sahih al‑Bukhari 349
Each of the five is counted as ten. Musa would have sent him back once more, but the Prophet said, “I am shy before my Lord.” They are the five of Daily Salah.